Unit - 1: Introduction to Pharmaceutical Analysis:
Different techniques of analysis, Methods of expressing strength of solutions, Primary and secondary standards with examples.
Errors: Sources of errors, types of errors, methods of minimizing errors, accuracy, precision and significant figures.
Impurities: Definition, types, contents and regulatory importance. Sources and types of impurities in Pharmaceuticals, limit tests for chloride, sulphate, iron, arsenic, lead, heavy metals, and modified limit test for chloride and sulphate.
Unit - 2: Acid-Base Chemistry and Buffer Systems in Pharmacy
Definition of acids, bases, buffers, pH Scale and its significance, Buffer equation, calculation of pH for Buffer solution. Isotonicity and its application in IV Fluids and Ophthalmic Solutions.
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes: Functions of major physiological ions, Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium chloride and Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS), Physiological acid base balance.
Unit - 3: Acid base titrations:
Theories of acid base indicators, classification of acid base titrations. Preparation and standardization of titrants viz. hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. Theory involved in titrations of strong, weak, and very weak acids and bases, neutralization curves. Assay of Ammonium hydroxide.
Non-aqueous titrations: Types of solvents used, acidimetric and alkalimetric titration using non- aqueous solvents. Preparation and standardization of acidic and basic titrants. Estimation of weakly acidic and basic substances using non- aqueous titrants, estimation of Sodium benzoate.
Precipitation titrations and gravimetry: Principle and steps involved in gravimetric analysis, Mohr’s method, Volhard’s, Modified Volhard’s, Fajans method. Estimation of barium sulphate by gravimetry.
Complexometric titrations: Classification, metal ion indicators, masking and demasking reagents, preparation and standardization of disodium EDTA. Estimation of Magnesium sulphate and Calcium gluconate*.
Redox titrations: Concepts of oxidation and reduction, Types of redox titrations viz. Permanganometry, Cerimetry, Iodimetry, Iodometry and titrations with potassium iodate.
Unit - 4: Gastrointestinal Agents:
Acidifiers: Sodium acid phosphate and Dilute Hydrochloric acid. Antacids: Ideal properties of antacids, combinations of antacids, Sodium bicarbonate*, Aluminium hydroxide gel*.
Agents promote bowel movements: Magnesium hydroxide, Sodium orthophosphate, Sodium Potassium tartrate and magnesium trisilicate. Antimicrobials: Mechanism, classification, Potassium permanganate, Boric acid, Hydrogen peroxide*, Chlorinated lime*, Iodine and its preparations.
Radiopharmaceuticals: Basics of radioactivity, applications of radioisotopes of Sodium Iodide I-131, Technetium-99m, Cobalt-60, Phosphorus-32 including safe handling, storage, and disposal of radiopharmaceuticals, adhering to regulatory guidelines for safety.
Unit - 5: Miscellaneous Compounds:
Expectorants: Potassium iodide, Ammonium chloride*. Emetics: Copper sulphate*, Sodium potassium tartrate. Haematinics: Ferrous sulphate*, Ferrous gluconate.
Poison and Antidote: Definition, classification of antidotes, Sodium thiosulphate.
